干货 | 法律英语词义辨析:仲裁员

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Arbiter / Arbitrator

 Judge / Referee / Umpire

以上单词均有裁决或裁判者的含义。


1

 Arbiter  

n.

①    (= arbitrator)

②    裁决人

指有权依照法律裁决争议的人,如法官。

③(罗马法)具有自由裁量权的法官

指经执政官[praetor]指定受理需要适用公平和善良原则[ ex aequo et bono]裁判的案件的法官;即法官可按良心及公认的公正、公允的原则处理案件,不同于一般必须严格依照法律办理的法官[judex]。

——元照英美法词典



One with the power to decide disputes, such as a judge <the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of legal disputes in the United States>.

——Black's Law Dictionary



2

Arbitrator 


n.

仲裁员

根据正式的仲裁程序审理和裁决纠纷的中间人,由当事人选定或由法院指定。

——元照英美法词典



1. A neutral person who resolves disputes between parties, esp. by means of formal arbitration.


2. A neutral decision-maker who is appointed directly or indirectly by the parties to an arbitration agreement to make a final and binding decision resolving the parties dispute. Parties usu. agree to have their dispute resolved by either a sole arbitrator or three arbitrators (referred to as an arbitral panel in domestic arbitration or an arbitral tribunal in international arbitration).

——Black's Law Dictionary


3

judge

n.

法官

根据法律在法院审理和裁决案件、行使司法权的司法官员。英格兰的法官体系等级森严,而且许多法官可以流动。按照等级由高到低,英格兰的法官可分为以下几类:

①    御前大臣(也称大法官[Lord Chancellor]),为英格兰首席法律官员,同时身兼内阁成员及上议院议长;

②    皇家首席大法官[ Lord Chief Justice,简称为LCJ],为上诉法院刑事庭庭长,兼任高等法院王座厅的庭长;掌卷法官[ Master of the Rolls],简称“MR”,即上诉法院民事庭庭长;

③    上议院常任上诉法官[Lord Chief Justice of Ordinary],简称为Lord;

④    上诉法院法官[ Lord Justices of Appeal],简称为LJ;

⑤    高等法院法官[ High Court Judge],简称为J,有时也被称为普通法官[Puisne Judge];高等法院设三个分庭,其中王座庭由皇家首席大法官主持,衡平庭由副大法官[ Vice-chancellor,简称V-C]主持,家事庭由家事庭庭长[ President of the Family Division]主持;

⑥    巡回法官[ Circuit Judges],可在刑事法院和郡法院审理案件;

⑦    记录法官[ Recorders],可在刑事法院和郡法院审理案件;

⑧    地区法官[ District Judges],旧称“ District Registrars”可在郡法院审理某些案件;

⑨    治安法官[ Magistrates],又分为两种,一种是领薪治安法官[Stipendiary Magistrates]从有经验的出庭律师或事务律师中选任;另一种是非职业治安法官[ Lay Magistrates],也称" justices of the Peace",不领薪,从无法律专业知识的普通人中选任。英国的法官通常都从有一定执业经验的出庭律师中选任,如具有10年以上执业经验的出庭律师才有可能被任命为高等法院法官,但事务律师有可能被任命为记录法官,以后还可升任巡回法官。高等法院法官以及更高级别的法官只有经过议会两院的同意方可被免职。美国宪法中没有规定法官的资格,也没有规定法官必须从律师中产生,但事实上所有联邦法官及最高法院大法官大都是律师界人物;而且美国的法官都固定配属于某个法院,这一点与英国的法官可以在不同法院间流动不同。在法官的产生上,美国存在任命制和选举制两种形式,即联邦的法官是任命的,各州法官通常是选举的,但也有某些州的法官由州立法机关或州议长任命。联邦法官一般均为终身职,除因“行为不端”等受国会弹劾外,不得免职。judge与justice在少数情况下可作为同义词互换使用,如美国最高法院大法官[ Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]在宪法中即被称为最高法院法官[ Judges of the Supreme Court]。但作为一般规则来说,这两个词是不完全相同的,对法官的通称是judge,并且它包括了 justice,但在一般语境中, justice不包括judge。在美国,对某一司法区中最高审级的法官通常称为justice,而对初审和中间上诉审的法官称为judge(但也有少数州例外,如纽约州初审法院的法官称justice,而上诉审法官称judge;在得克萨斯州,中间上诉法院的法官称justice,而在初审法院及最高审级的刑事法院,即刑事上诉法院中的法官称judge)。不过这种区分也不是绝对的,在具体情况下究竟使用哪个词并不存在统一的依据,多数是因袭长期的或地方上的习惯,或由于宪法或制定法的强化。

——元照英美法词典




A public official appointed or elected to hear and decide legal matters in court; a judicial officer who has the authority to administer justice. The term is sometimes held to include all officers appointed to decide litigated questions, including a justice of the peace and even jurors (who are judges of the facts). But in ordinary legal usage, the term is limited to the sense of an officer who (1) is so named in his or her commission, and (2) presides in a court. Judge is often used interchangeably with court.

——Black's Law Dictionary


4

Referee

n.

①公断人;审断人;调查人

指法庭或其他准司法机构(如劳工赔偿委员会)任命的行使司法权的官员,有权调查案件、收取证言、听取当事人的意见、作出决定并报告给法庭或委员会。其是法庭处理特定事项的左右手。在英国高等法院,如果为案件性质所需要,衡平分庭或王座分庭可以将案件的事实争议或整个案件交给官方公断人[ Official Referee]审查和决定,上诉法院也可以将事实争议交其审查、决定。

②(英)仲裁员

——元照英美法词典



1. A master appointed by a court to assist with certain proceedings. In some jurisdictions, referees take testimony before reporting to the court. See MASTER (2).

2. See judicial officer (3) under OFFICER.

3. Someone who judges an article or research idea before it is published or money is provided for it.

4. Someone who stays close to the action on a sporting ground to ensure that the rules of the sport are followed during play.

——Black's Law Dictionary


5

Umpire


①    仲裁人

②    独立仲裁人 在两个或多个仲裁员不能就案件裁决达成一致时,被召来对案件独立作出裁决的人。

③    <美>(劳动争议)仲裁人

④    <美>理赔仲裁人 被指定在保险人和被保险人的估价人[appraiser]之间进行调解,以确定损失金额的人。

——元照英美法词典



An impartial person appointed to make an award or a final decision, usu. when a matter has been submitted to arbitrators who have failed to agree. An arbitral submission may provide for the appointment of an umpire. -Also termed (in Scots law) overman.

——Black's Law Dictionary


(本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”,已获授权)

发布于 2020-05-29 15:10:20
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