了解我国刑罚的种类、英文表达和双语法规

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我国刑罚分为【主刑】和【附加刑】,有五类主刑和三类附加刑。

主刑,英文表达为principle punishments或principle penalty,主刑亦称基本刑或本刑,是从刑或附加刑的对称。是对犯罪适用的主要刑罚方法,只能独立适用。外国刑事立法中,主刑往往还包括罚金刑(fine punishment)。

附加刑,英文表达为supplementary/additional punishment,又称为从刑,是补充主刑适用的刑罚方法。附加刑既可以附加适用,又可以独立适用。适用附加刑时,一个犯罪可以同时适用两个以上的附加刑。


我国《刑法》第三十三条【主刑种类】主刑的种类如下:

(一)管制;publish surveillance

(二)拘役;criminal detention

(三)有期徒刑;fix-term imprisonment

(四)无期徒刑;life imprisonment

(五)死刑。Death penalty

我国《刑法》第三十四条【附加刑种类】附加刑的种类如下:

(一)罚金;financial penalties

(二)剥夺政治权利;deprivation of political rights

(三)没收财产。Confiscation of property

附加刑也可以独立适用。

The supplementary punishments can be applied independently.


【拓展】:

1.对于犯罪的外国人,可以独立适用或者附加适用驱逐出境(deportation)。

2.由于犯罪行为而使被害人遭受经济损失的,对犯罪分子除依法给予刑事处罚外,并应根据情况判处赔偿经济损失。承担民事赔偿责任的犯罪分子,同时被判处罚金,其财产不足以全部支付的,或者被判处没收财产的,应当先承担对被害人的民事赔偿责任(first bear responsibilities of the victim)。

3.对于犯罪情节轻微不需要判处刑罚的,可以免予刑事处罚,但是可以根据案件的不同情况,予以训诫或者责令具结悔过、赔礼道歉、赔偿损失,或者由主管部门予以行政处罚或者行政处分(administrative penalties or sanctions)。

4.因利用职业便利实施犯罪,或者实施违背职业要求的特定义务的犯罪被判处刑罚的,人民法院可以根据犯罪情况和预防再犯罪的需要,禁止其自刑罚执行完毕之日或者假释之日起从事相关职业,期限为三年至五年。


参考双语例句:

China elaborated on the adoption of legislative decisions and the strengthening of anti-terrorism efforts, including through the establishment of legal definitions of terrorist activities, organizations and their members by reference to the international conventions to which China had acceded; the adoption of a multi-pronged approach to the prevention and punishment of economic fraud; the progress made in the field of prevention of crimes against children and the strengthening of the protection of their rights; the promotion of international cooperation to combat corruption; the strengthening of criminal justice assistance to combat transnational organized crime effectively; the improvement of online security to enhance capacity to prevent and combat cybercrime; and the amendment of legislation to extend the scope of legal aid from trials only to pretrial proceedings and to cases where the suspect might face a sentence of life imprisonment

中国详细介绍了通过立法决定和加强反恐工作的情况,包括为此参照中国已经加入的国际公约而确定了有关恐怖主义活动、恐怖主义组织及其成员的法律定义;在预防和惩治经济欺诈问题上采取多头出击的做法;在预防侵害儿童行为的犯罪和加强保护其权利方面取得进展;推动开展打击腐败行为的国际合作;加强为有效打击跨国有组织犯罪提供刑事司法援助;改进网上安全以加强预防和打击网络犯罪的能力;并修订相关法规,将法律援助的范围从仅仅涉及审判阶段扩大至也包括审判前阶段以及嫌疑犯可能面临无期徒刑的案件。

The Special Rapporteur is also concerned that in some instances immigration detention mimics criminal detention and is applied without any judicial oversight, thus operating in clear contradiction to international law and human rights standards.

特别报告员还担心,在一些情况下,移徙拘留效仿了刑事拘留,施行时没有任何司法监督,因而,在执行中明显违反国际法和人权标准。

Gradual and orderly progress is our pet phrase. But if we go on suggesting gradual and orderly progress, it is tantamount to turning a blind eye to the fact that the people are deprived of political rights, that the Basic Law is outdated, and that the pace of democratization is nonetheless further slowed down notwithstanding the mature social conditions of Hong Kong.

循序渐进是我们经常说的方法,但现在再说循序渐进,是漠视巿民的政治权利被剥夺,漠视基本法不合时宜,漠视香港社会条件成熟,但偏偏民主步伐却再进一步被拖慢。

发布于 2022-03-30 17:10:35
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