美国法简介:美国法院制度概述

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美国法简介:美国法院制度概述

Overview of the U.S. Court System

 

AbstractDueto federalism, both the federal government and each of the state governmenthave their own court system. Federal and most state court systems consist ofthree-levels—a trail level, an intermediate appellate level, and a finalappellate level. They all follow a legal doctrine known as “stare decisis”.

 

一、美国联邦最高法院U.S. Supreme Court

Member:

1.Eight associate justices plus one Chief Justice.

2.Nomination: be the power of the President

Appointment:be made with the advice and consent of the Senate.

3.Lifetime tenure. Meeting in Washington D.C for an annual term (from firstMonday in October to first week in July. ------So a three-month summer vacation?

Number: Unique one

Function:

1.Cases questioning the constitutionality of federal and state statues.

2.Appeals from lower level------the State’s highest court/federal Court ofappeals

3.Exercise of power: discretion to grant or deny, summary action------affirmed orvacated.

Feature: Unique one, Top level, the highest court in U.S.,All-binding legal force.

二、美国联邦上诉法院 U.S. Court of Appeals

Member: Usually a panel of three judges

Number: 11 numbered circuits (regional jurisdiction)+1Districtof Columbia Circuit 1Federal Circuit(national jurisdiction) = 13 THIRTEEN

Function: Appeals from lower level------ U.S.District Courts.

Feature: Second tier, binding within circuit.

三、美国联邦地方法院U.S. District Court

Member: Usually one judge a case

Number: a state one or more (determined by the populationand geographic area),94 in total

Function:

1.Civil or criminal cases arising under federal law

2.Cases where citizens of two or more states are in conflict

Feature: trial court, court of original jurisdiction.Opinions unpublished.

四、美国联邦特别法庭

Function: cases in a particular area of law.

Example:TheBankruptcy Court, Tax Court, Claims Court

五、美国州法院制度

Power Source: federalism of federal ConstitutionStateConstitution

Levels: Supreme court--Intermediate Court of Appeals—statetrial court (Circuit or District Courts)--specializedcourts (probate court, juvenile court, family court, etc.)

 

 

附:重要法律英语概念、术语一览

Justice/judge/ magistrate

Hear/hearing/ rehearing

Guilt/Innocence

Jurisdiction

Precedent

Legaldoctrine

Staredecisis

Bevested in

Investprovide with powerand authority

Tenure

Constitutionality

Discretionto grant or deny

Asummary action (to affirm or vacate with no explanation)

Opinion/Decision

Circuits

Panel

Appeal

Federalism

Legalmatters

Review

Magistrate

Arbiter

Lastresort

 

 

 

 
(文章来源:实务法律英语)
发布于 2020-07-20 10:26:41
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