翻译干货专栏:法律翻译之税法

0 人赞同了该文章

隔壁翻译菌

盆友们大家好~

又叕叕叕叕见面啦~


本领域将涉及国际商事交易的最主要、最基本问题:商事组织、竞争、融资、会计、劳工、银行、合同等等多个方面~

本系列主要参考中国人民大学出版社《国际商事经济法律通则》一书,笔者很推荐对此方面感兴趣的盆友们阅读哦~~

本篇将介绍税法相关内容~



第十五篇 税法



01

概述


显然,掌握税法与否是企业能否获得成功的关键。对此,不仅要求要知道如何计算税额,还要知道一国税收体制赖以存在的基本政策。在多数国家,税收体系的一个主要目标是税收中立(tax neutrality),这要求税收规则既不阻碍,也不助长特定的商业行为。基于这样的考虑,商业决策的出台应当考虑非税的因素。税收中立有以下三个特征:


1

资本输出中立(capital export neutrality),这意味着商业组织在国内或国外的投资决策不应受到税收的影响。


2

资本输入中立(capital import neutrality),也即常说的外国资本或竞争中立,这意味着所有在特定市场进行商事活动或从事商业交易的商业实体,无论其资本来自本国或外国,都必须以同一税率纳税。


3

国家中立(national neutrality),这意味着无论在某商业实体的本国或他国进行投资,均应由商业实体与国家财政共享资本收益。

·capital export neutrality——this means that a business entity's choice between investing at home or abroad should not be influenced by taxation.

·capital import neutrality——otherwise known as foreign or competitive neutrality, this means that all business entities conducing operations or transactions in a particular market, regardless of whether those business entities are domestic or foreign, should be taxed at the same rate.

·national neutrality this means that returns on capital are shared between the business entity and the national treasury, regardless of whether the capital is invested in the business entity's "home" nation or abroad.


02

所得税


大多数政府的财政收入主要来自所得税。在多数情况下,所得税又被称为“全球性累进税”(global progressive tax),其进步性主要体现在它以更高的税率对高收入加以征税。鉴于税率如此之高,知道用于代表一个公司的应税所得(taxable income)的基本数额就变得十分重要。由此引出了两个主要问题:

第一个关于确定应税所得额的问题是一种税收体制将采用下列哪一种方式——纳税主体的国籍、住所地、所得来源地或者三者折中制。


1

国民纳税人原则(Nationality Principle):一国将对其公民或国民在全球范围的所得征税,而不论其居于何地(美国的联邦所得税采用此标准)。


2

居住地原则(Residency Principle):一国将对合法居住在其境内的个人的全球范围的所得征税。

[不同的国家采取不同的标准以决定个人住所,包括

(i)在境内居住的时间,

(ii)是否有居住的主观意愿,与

(iii)意图居住的个人的声明。

就公司而言,其住所地常常由如下因素决定:

(i)公司的成立地,或者

(ii)公司的管理或控制机构所在地。]


3

所得来源地原则(Source Principle):一国将对境内所得征税,而对境外所得免税。

[在该原则下的应税所得通常包括:

(i)来自位于该国境内的财产所得,比如公司股票分红,

(ii)来自于在该国境内从事贸易活动或提供专业服务的个人所得,比如农业生产与采矿所得,与

(iii)在该国从业的收人。]


·Nationality Principle: A state may tax the worldwide income of its citizens or nationals, no matter where they may reside.

·Residency Principle: A state may tax the worldwide income of persons who are legally residing within its territory.(Different states use different criteria in determining residence of individuals, including 

(i)length of time within the territory,

(ii) subjective intent to remain in residence, and 

(iii) declaration by the person of an intent to stay. For companies, residence is usually determined by 

(i) where the company was organized or

(ii) where the company is managed and controlled. )

·Source Principle: A state may tax income derived from sources within its territory, and thus exempt from taxation income derived from outside sources. (Income that is taxed under this principle usually includes 

(i) income derived from property located within the country, such as income in the form of dividends on equity shares in a company, 

(ii) income derived from any trade or profession carried on within the country, such as income from agricultural activity or mining, and 

(iii) income derived from employment carried on within the country.)

第二个关于确定应税所得额的问题是采用何种计算方式(method of calculation)。

有两种主要的方式:

(i)收入报表法,与

(ii)资产负债表法。

美国、英国、加拿大和其他一些国家采用所得申报法(income statement method),也即,个人所得等于在一个会计核算期间内的总收入减去可列人支出和扣除额后的余额。其他多数国家则采用资产负债表法(balance sheet method),用这种方法计算出的个人所得等于一个商业实体的资产净值在一个会计核算期的开始与结束时的差额。


03

税收其他形式


当然,所得税并不是政府财政收入的唯一来源,大多数国家也有其他的一些税收形式。在某些国家,这些税收形式比所得税重要得多。

例如,日常所说的“流转税”(turnover tax)有许多形式。流转税是在每次“流转”的时候征收——当一种产品(有时或者是服务)在其生产或销售过程中进入另一个新阶段时。一个关于流转税的实例是一件产品无论何时被流转都要缴纳营业税(sales tax)——由一个人卖给另一个。

There are, for example may forms of what is sometimes called a "turnover" tax. A turnover tax is one that is collected at a "turnover" tax —— the time is a sales tax charged whenever a product is turned over that is, sold from one person to another. A sales tax typically takes the form of a percentage of the sales price. It represents a cumulative turnover tax because at each stage the purchase price includes an increasing amount of tax, because tax is being paid on tax.

另一种流转税是VAT——增值税(value added tax)。这是一种对流转的征税,不过由其流转过程中的各个阶段分别承担。这意指一种产品流通的各个阶段,而对在该阶段中的产品增值加以征税。与营业税不同的是,增值税没有累计效应,其只对价值增值额征税,而不对前一阶段已征价值额征税。

Another form of turnover tax is the VAT —— value added tax. It is "a tax on turnover whose payment is split between all the economic stages that it covers, in the sense that at each of the stages that a product passes through, the tax is levied on the value added to the product at that stage.".

除所得税与流转税外,其他国家一些常见的税收有:

(i)对不动产与证券转让所征的印花税(documentary stamp taxes);

(ii)净值税(net worth taxes);

(iii)特殊物品税(excise taxes on certain products),以及

(iv)进出口税(import and export taxes)。


(本文转自公众号“律蚁语言服务社”,已获授权)

发布于 2020-06-01 16:04:04
还没有评论
    旗渡客服