公允价值（Fair Value）亦称公允市价、公允价格。熟悉市场情况的买卖双方在公平交易的条件下和自愿的情况下所确定的价格，或无关联的双方在公平交易的条件下一项资产可以被买卖或者一项负债可以被清偿的成交价格。在公允价值计量下，资产和负债按照在公平交易中，熟悉市场情况的交易双方自愿进行资产交换或者债务清偿的金额计量。购买企业对合并业务的记录需要运用公允价值的信息。在实务中，通常由资产评估机构对被并企业的净资产进行评估。

属于以下三种情形之一的，换入资产或换出资产的公允价值视为能够可靠计量：1.换入资产或换出资产存在活跃市场，以市场价格为基础确定公允价值。2.换入资产或换出资产不存在活跃市场，但同类或类似资产存在活跃市场，以同类或类似资产市场价格为基础确定公允价值。3.换入资产或换出资产不存在同类或类似资产可比交易市场，采用估值技术确定公允价值。采用估值技术确定公允价值时，要求采用该估值技术确定的公允价值估计数的变动区间很小，或者在公允价值估计数变动区间内，各种用于确定公允价值估计数的概率能够合理确定。

为了更好的理解该词，以下是该词的英文释义：In accounting and in most schools of economic thought, fair value is a rational and unbiased estimate of the potential market price of a good, service, or asset. The derivation takes into account such objective factors as the costs associated with production or replacement, market conditions and matters of supply and demand. Subjective factors may also be considered such as the risk characteristics, the cost of and return on capital, and individually perceived utility.

双语例句：

外币交易在初始确认时，采用交易发生日的即期汇率折算为人民币金额。资产负债表日，外币货币性项目采用资产负债表日即期汇率折算，因汇率不同而产生的汇兑差额，除与购建符合资本化条件资产有关的外币专门借款本金及利息的汇兑差额外，计入当期损益；以历史成本计量的外币非货币性项目仍采用交易发生日的即期汇率折算，不改变其人民币金额；以公允价值计量的外币非货币性项目，采用公允价值确定日的即期汇率折算，差额计入当期损益或其他综合收益。

A foreign currency transaction is recorded in RMB, on initial recognition, by applying the spot exchange rate on the date of the transaction. At the balance sheet date, foreign currency monetary items are translated into RMB using the spot exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Exchange differences arising from such translations are recognized in profit or loss for the current period, except for those attributable to foreign currency borrowings that have been taken out specifically for the acquisition or construction of qualifying assets and accrued interest. Non-monetary items denominated in foreign currencies that are measured at historical cost are translated using the foreign exchange rates ruling at the transaction dates, without adjusting the amounts in RMB. Non-monetary items denominated in foreign currencies that are measured at fair value are translated using the foreign exchange rates prevailing at the dates when the fair value was determined, with exchange differences arising from such translations recognized in profit or loss for the current period or other comprehensive income.

公允价值变动损益是指企业以各种资产，如投资性房地产、债务重组、非货币交换、交易性金融资产等公允价值变动形成的应计入当期损益的利得或损失。即公允价值与账面价值之间的差额。该项目反映了资产在持有期间因公允价值变动而产生的损益。也是新利润表上的项目"公允价值变动收益"填列依据。

根据新会计准则的有关规定，交易性金融资产的期末账面价值便是其在该时点上的公允价值，与前次账面价值之间的差异，即公允价值变动金额需要计入当期损益。财政部、国家税务总局在通知中明确规定在计税时，持有期间的“公允价值变动损益”不予 考虑，只有在实际处置时，所取得的价款在扣除其历史成本后的差额才计入处置期间的应纳税所得额，可见交易性金融资产的计税基础仍为其历史成本。

通过列报公允价值变动损益，利润表全面反映了企业的收益情况，具体分为经营性收益和非经营性收益。投资者能了解企业因公允价值变动而产生的损益是多少及其占企业全部收益的比重，从而更好地进行分析和决策。另外，原制度下有些特殊业务产生的收益计入资产负债表的所有者权益中但未通过利润表反映，如资产评估增值和债务重组利得等，会出现一些绕过收益表而直接计入资产负债表方面的问题，使资产负债表和利润表失去了内在的逻辑联系。通过列报公允价值变动损益项目，使利润表全面反映了这种收益，也提供了一种协调资产负债表和利润表内在关系的一种方法。——《百科》

公允价值由财务会计准则委员会的一般公认会计准则(GAAP)定义为“在计量日市场参与者之间有序交易中出售资产或转移负债时将收到的价格”。⬇️

Fair value is defined as “The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date” by the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Generally Accepted Accounting Practices (GAAP)