知情同意 informed consent

指某人在被充分告知作出明智决定所需事实的基础上，同意为某事。它是法律的一项一般原则，据此，医生在施行外科手术前，应取得病人的「知情同意」，即有义务告知病人在所建议的治疗过程中可能产生任何损害的风险及有无供选择的治疗方案，以使病人能运用自己的判断力，明智合理地权衡利弊。

Informed consent is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person, for conducting some form of research on a person, or for disclosing a person's information. A health care provider may ask a patient to consent to receive therapy before providing it, a clinical researcher may ask a research participant before enrolling that person into a clinical trial, and a researcher may ask a research participant before starting some form of controlled experiment. Informed consent is collected according to guidelines from the fields of medical ethics and research ethics. 相关例句如下，可供参考：

例句1

An informed consent can be said to have been given based upon a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, implications, and consequences of an action. To give informed consent, the individual concerned must have adequate reasoning faculties and be in possession of all relevant facts.

可以说，知情同意是基于对一项行动的事实、影响和后果的明确知悉和理解而给予的。要给予知情同意，有关个人必须具备足够的推理能力，并掌握所有相关事实。

例句2

Obtaining informed consent is not always required. If an individual is considered unable to give informed consent, another person is generally authorized to give consent on his behalf, e.g., parents or legal guardians of a child (though in this circumstance the child may be required to provide informed assent) and conservators for the mentally disordered, or consent can be assumed through the doctrine of implied consent, e.g., when an unconscious person will die without immediate medical treatment.

并不总是要求获得知情同意。如果一个人被认为不能给予知情同意，另一个人通常被授权代表他给予同意，例如儿童的父母或法定监护人（尽管在这种情况下，儿童可能被要求提供知情同意）和精神障碍者的监护人，或者可以通过暗示同意的原则获得同意，例如，当一个失去意识的人将在没有立即进行治疗的情况下死亡时。

例句3

Informed consent can be complex to evaluate, because neither expressions of consent, nor expressions of understanding of implications, necessarily mean that full adult consent was in fact given, nor that full comprehension of relevant issues is internally digested. Consent may be implied within the usual subtleties of human communication, rather than explicitly negotiated verbally or in writing. In some cases consent cannot legally be possible, even if the person protests he does indeed understand and wish.

知情同意的评估可能很复杂，因为无论是表示同意还是表示理解其含义，都不一定意味着实际上给予了成年人的完全同意，也不意味着对相关问题的充分理解是通过内部领会的。同意可能隐含在人类沟通的微妙之处，而不是口头或书面的明确协商。在某些情况下，同意在法律上是不可能的，即使这个人抗议说他确实理解并希望这样做。