多中心治理 polycentric governance

多中心治理理论是以奥斯特罗姆夫妇(Vincent Ostrom and Elinor Ostrom)为核心的一批研究者在对发展中国家农村社区公共池塘资源进行实证研究的基础上最早提出的。多中心治理的基本点是改变政府对于乡村社会的行政性管理和控制，让乡村内部的自主性力量在公共事物领域充分发挥基础性作用。这样以来，既可以降低政府直接控制乡村的成本，减少政府管不胜管所带来的失效问题，也使得乡村社会内部充满了活力。这种新的治理范式，基本目标是让乡村问题尽可能地内部化和社会化。

Polycentric thinking seeks to develop a more holistic picture of governance. Polycentric governance theory acknowledges that, in addition to nation states, other initiatives contribute to the shaping of collective orders. They involve local governments, businesses, civil society organisations and social movements. A core proposition identified is that an experimental search for governance arrangements within diverse local settings will lead to effective solutions, performing better than states or some kind of monocentric, globally oriented system of governance. This reflects awareness of complexity and limits of central control, which require ‘reflexive governance’ (Voß and Kemp, Reference Voß, Kemp, Voß, Bauknecht and Kemp 2006). 具体例句如下，供参考，以加深对该术语的理解：

例句1

相对于“管理”而言，“治理”侧重于共同体本身的系统性及其成员之间平等参与的协同性特征。它对市场和政府的双重失灵进行了深刻反思，在重构“政府、市场和社会”三者关系中形成了关于三者并存与互补的价值共识。治理理论主张打破国家与社会的二元对立，激发公民参与而追求“多中心治理”，最终实现一种自主的合作网络，从而达到善治目的。

In comparison with “administration”, “governance” puts more emphasis on the systematic nature of the community itself and the collaborative characteristic of equal participation among its members. Upon profound reflection on double-failure of market and government, it develops a value consensus on the coexistence and complementarity of “government, market and society” in reconstructing their relationships. Governance theory calls for breaking binary opposition between the State and society, encouraging the citizens to participate in and pursue “polycentric governance”, and eventually facilitating independent collaboration, so as to realize sound governance.

例句2

A closer look at the polycentric governance literature reveals that, even if it has developed into a much broader evolutionary philosophy of governance, it still carries forward some of the ontological assumptions from institutional economics. Polycentric governance theory emphasises decentralisation, local embedding and responsiveness to specific contextual conditions, along with the potential to mobilise entrepreneurial initiatives, also against incumbent powers and rigid institutions.

仔细研究多中心治理文献可以发现，即使它已经发展成为一种更广泛的治理进化哲学，它仍然继承了制度经济学的一些本体论假设。多中心治理理论强调权力下放、地方嵌入和对特定环境条件的响应，以及动员创业举措的潜力，也反对现有权力和僵化的制度。

例句3

Polycentric governance tends to reduce opportunistic behaviour in forested and urban settings, even though no institutional arrangement can totally eliminate opportunism with respect to the provision and production of collective goods. Allowing citizens to form smaller-scale collective consumption units encourages face-to-face discussion and the achievement of common understanding. Creating larger collective consumption units reduces the likelihood of strategic free-riding behaviour of the wealthy. Larger units also can more effectively cope with goods and services that have large-scale effects and real economies of scale.

多中心治理倾向于减少森林和城市环境中的机会主义行为，尽管没有任何制度安排能够完全消除在提供和生产集体商品方面的机会主义。允许公民组建更小规模的集体消费单位鼓励面对面的讨论和达成共识。创建更大的集体消费单位降低了富人战略性搭便车行为的可能性。更大的单位也能更有效地处理具有大规模效应和真正规模经济的商品和服务。

相关知识拓展：

多中心治理是在多中心概念的基础上发展而来的。多中心是指借助多个而非单一权力中心和组织体制治理公共事物，提供公共服务，强调参与者的互动过程和能动创立治理规则、治理形态，其中自发秩序或自主治理是其基础。多中心治理即把相互制约但具有一定独立性的规则的制订和执行权分配给无数的数量众多的管辖单位，所有公共治理主体的官方地位都是有限但独立的，没有任何团体或个人作为最终的和全能的权威凌驾于法律之上。