Pinkerton rule 平克顿规则

〈美〉即共谋人应对为实施犯罪共谋而进行的所有犯罪行为承担责任的原则。因1946年平克顿一案而得名。案件的被告人被判犯有偷税罪，但偷税行为是其兄弟实施的，且当时被告人正在狱中服役，美国最高法院认定被告人参与持续偷税的共谋，因此应对实施这一共谋的具体罪行负责。尽管最高法院的判决指的是犯罪行为必须是共谋的可预见结果，但很多法院并未遵守这一限制。近年来，这项规则日益遭到反对，大多数州都要求在定罪时有更明显的共谋关系。

The Pinkerton doctrine is a judicially-created rule that makes each member of a conspiracy liable for crimes that other members commit to further their joint criminal design. A co-conspirator can be held liable for crimes committed by another conspirator, even if the co-conspirator did not know about the other crime and did not agree to commit the other crime. 相关例句如下，供参考：

例句1

Thus, under the Pinkerton rule, the act of one conspirator may be treated as the act of all conspirators and all the conspirators may be convicted of a crime committed by one of the conspirators, despite the fact that the other conspirators did not personally participate in that crime.

因此，根据平克顿规则，一个共谋者的行为可以被视为所有共谋者的行为，所有共谋者都可能因其中一个共谋者犯下的罪行而被定罪，尽管其他共谋者本人并未参与该罪行。

例句2

The Pinkerton rule of liability of conspirators for the substantive crimes committed by their co-conspirators is derived from the United States Supreme Court’s opinion in Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640 (1946). In that case, the Supreme Court established a theory of vicarious liability that permitted conviction of a person for a substantive crime, even though that particular person did not directly participate in the commission of the substantive offense.

共谋者对其共谋者所犯实质性罪行的责任的平克顿规则来自美国最高法院在平克顿诉美国案，328 U.S. 640 (1946)中的意见。在那个案例中，最高法院建立了一个替代责任理论，允许对一个人的实质性犯罪定罪，即使那个特定的人没有直接参与实质性犯罪的实施。

例句3

The Pinkerton rule is a judicially created doctrine that imposes liability on a conspirator for all crime or offenses committed in furtherance of the conspiracy, the rule imposes liability on the conspirator even if those offenses are actually performed by co-conspirators. This rule relating to criminal liability was pronounced in the case of Pinkerton v. United States.

平克顿规则是一个司法创造的原则，规定共谋者对所有犯罪或犯罪行为负有责任，即使这些罪行实际上是由共谋者实施的。这条关于刑事责任的规则是在Pinkerton诉美国一案中宣布的。

例句4

The Pinkerton rule makes a conspirator criminally liable for the substantive offenses committed by a co-conspirator when they are reasonably foreseeable and committed in furtherance of the conspiracy.

平克顿规则规定，共谋者对共谋者犯下的实质性罪行负有刑事责任，如果这些罪行是可以合理预见的，并且是为了推进共谋而犯下的。