presentence report 判决前调查报告

缓刑官应法庭要求对已被定罪的被告人进行判决前调查〔presentence investigation〕后提交的详细说明其调查结果的文件，内容包括有关被告人的教育背景、职业背景、社会经历、过去居住地情况、病史、有关被告人未来处境的信息、有关任何可获得的有助于被告人的资源的信息、缓刑官对被告人的犯罪动机和目的的看法、被告人过去的犯罪记录以及处理建议等。

Presentence reports are reports put together by a probation officer to help a judge determine sentencing for a defendant. The first step to creating a presentence report is for the probation officer to review the case and interview the defendant. Most commonly, serious misdemeanors and felonies rely on presentence reports for sentencing. Once the defendant has been interviewed, the probation officer then moves on to interviewing the victim, arresting office, and possibly even family and friends depending on the case. In federal court, the probation officer summarizes all the facts gathered and then calculates the federal sentencing guidelines, including a range of incarceration length. The guidelines decision can be challenged by either the government or the defendant. The Judge has the final decision about the appropriate sentencing guidelines. The Judge does not have to sentence the defendant within the Guidelines range, but she must strongly consider them. 以下为相关例句，以加深对该术语的理解：

例句1

In some courts, the presentence report is disclosed to the defendant, counsel for the defendant, and counsel for the Government before it is submitted to the judge. This procedure allows both counsel to communicate with the probation officer to resolve any concerns or objections regarding material information, sentencing classifications, or the sentencing guideline range contained in the presentence report.

在一些法院，在提交给法官之前，向被告、被告的律师和政府的律师披露判决前调查报告。该程序允许双方律师与缓刑监督官沟通，以解决任何关于材料信息、量刑分类或判决前调查报告中包含的量刑指南范围的问题或异议。

例句2

Early disclosure of the report to the attorneys allows the probation officer to conduct any further investigation and make revisions to the presentence report that may be necessary. Any unresolved issued or objections are reported to the sentencing judge in the addendum to the presentence report. The addendum also contains the probation officer’s comments regarding the issues.

提前向律师披露报告允许缓刑监督官进行任何进一步的调查，并对判决前调查报告进行必要的修改。任何未解决的问题或异议将在本报告的附录中报告给量刑法官。附录还包含缓刑监督官对这些问题的意见。

例句3

The presentence report and investigation process also involves the probation officer contacting the victim and speaking with them directly. They’ll want to know how the victim was impacted, how they suffered, and what their thoughts are on the sentencing of the defendant.

判决前调查报告和调查过程还包括缓刑监督官联系受害者并直接与他们交谈。他们想知道受害者是如何受到影响的，他们遭受了什么，他们对被告的判决有什么想法。

例句4

Judges typically don't have time to investigate the circumstances of individual cases, so they usually rely heavily on—and often rubber-stamp—sentencing recommendations in presentence reports. For this reason, it is important for the defendant to make a positive impression on the probation officer preparing the report.

法官通常没有时间调查个案的情况，所以他们通常严重依赖——而且经常是橡皮图章式的——依赖判决前调查报告中的量刑建议。由于这个原因，被告给编制报告的缓刑监督官留下一个积极的印象是很重要的。