先行制止 prior restraint

〈美〉指在言论实际发表前政府官员即对其言论或公开予以限制的制度。美国宪法第一条修正案规定不得剥夺公民的言论自由。先行制止的办法冒极大的违宪风险，政府必须负责证明其必要性。先行制止只有三种情况才被认可，即：对国家构成「明显的、现实的危险」，侵犯个人隐私或淫秽出版物。

Prior restraint (also referred to as prior censorship or pre-publication censorship) is censorship imposed, usually by a government or institution, on expression, that prohibits particular instances of expression. It is in contrast to censorship which establishes general subject matter restrictions and reviews a particular instance of expression only after the expression has taken place. In some countries (e.g., United States, [failed verification] Argentina) prior restraint by the government is forbidden, subject to exceptions (such as classifying certain matters of national security), by their respective constitutions. 以下为相关例句，供参考，以加深对该术语的理解：

例句1

Prior restraint can be effected in a number of ways. For example, the exhibition of works of art or a movie may require a license from a government authority (sometimes referred to as a classification board or censorship board) before it can be published, and the failure or refusal to grant a license is a form of censorship as is the revoking of a license. It can take the form of a legal injunction or government order prohibiting the publication of a specific document.

先行制止可以通过多种方式实现。例如，艺术作品或电影的展览可能需要从政府机构（有时称为分级委员会或审查委员会）获得许可才能出版，未能或拒绝授予许可是一种审查形式，就像吊销许可一样。它可以采取法律强制令或政府命令的形式，禁止某一特定文件的出版。

例句2

These injunctions are considered prior restraint because potential future publications are stopped in advance. It can also take the form of a (usually secret) policy imposed by a commercial corporation upon its employees, requiring them to obtain written permission to publish a given written work, even one authored outside of work hours produced using their own computing resources.

这些禁令被认为是先行制止，因为潜在的未来出版物被提前停止。它还可以采取商业公司强加给其员工的（通常是秘密的）政策的形式，要求他们获得书面许可才能发布给定的书面作品，即使是在工作时间之外使用他们自己的计算资源创作的作品。

例句3

Not all restrictions on free speech are a breach of the prior restraint doctrine. It is widely accepted that publication of information affecting national security, particularly in wartime, may be restricted, even when there are laws that protect freedom of expression. In many cases invocation of national security is controversial, with opponents of suppression arguing that government errors and embarrassment are being covered up.

并非所有对言论自由的限制都违反了先行制止原则。人们普遍认为，发布影响国家安全的信息，尤其是在战争时期，可能会受到限制，即使有保护言论自由的法律。在许多情况下，援引国家安全是有争议的，镇压的反对者认为政府的错误和尴尬被掩盖了。

例句4

Prior restraint typically happens in a few ways. It may be a statute or regulation that requires a speaker to acquire a permit or license before speaking. Prior restraint can also be a judicial injunction that prohibits certain speech. There is a third way--discussed below--in which the government outright prohibits a certain type of speech. Courts typically disfavor prior restraint and often find it to be unconstitutional.

先行制止通常以几种方式出现。可能是法令或法规要求演讲者在演讲前获得允许或许可。先行制止也可以是禁止某些言论的司法禁令。还有第三种方式——将在下面讨论——即政府直接禁止某种类型的言论。法院通常不赞成先行制止，并经常认为它是违宪的。