“restorative justice”和“retributive justice”分别指的是什么啊？
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①在报应性司法retributive justice中，受害者在整个过程中处于边缘地位，重点是惩罚或治疗罪犯，社区由国家代表，该过程的特点是各方之间的对抗性关系。
a.Crime is an act against the state, a violation of a law, an abstract idea
犯罪是一种反对国家的行为，是对法律的违反，是一种抽象的想法。
b.The criminal justice system controls crime
刑事司法系统控制犯罪
c.Offender accountability is defined as accepting punishment
犯罪者的责任被定义为接受惩罚
d.Focus on determining responsibility or guilt, on the past (did he/she do it?)
侧重于确定责任或罪行，侧重于过去（他/她做了吗？
e.强调对抗性的关系
②在恢复性司法 restorative justice中，受害者是整个过程的中心，重点是修复罪犯和受害者之间的伤害，社区成员和组织发挥了更积极的作用，这个过程的特点是各方之间的对话和谈判。
a.Crime as an act against another person and community
犯罪是一种针对他人和社区的行为
b.Crime control lies primarily in the community
犯罪控制主要在于社区
c.Accountability is defined as taking responsibility and acting to repair the harm
问责被定义为承担责任并采取行动修复伤害
d.Focus on problem solving, on responsibility/duty, on the future (what should be done?)
关注问题的解决，关注责任/义务，关注未来（应该做什么？
e.强调对话和谈判
更多回答
它们是两种适用于一国刑事司法制度的正义理论。
restorative justice恢复性正义或恢复性司法
从法律上讲，恢复性司法一词被定义为一种参与性的过程，所有受某一特定犯罪影响的人，如受害者、罪犯和社区，聚集在一起，共同解决犯罪后的情况。这种程序的重点是恢复受犯罪影响的当事人。一般来说，一项罪行或罪行影响三方，即受害人、罪犯和整个社会。恢复性司法的最终目标包括受害者康复、罪犯康复和问责、赋予受害者权力、和解、赔偿所造成的伤害、社区参与和解决有关各方之间的冲突。因此，各方的积极参与势在必行。
附上其英文释义供参考：Restorative justice is an approach to justice in which one of the responses to a crime is to organize a meeting between the victim and the offender, sometimes with representatives of the wider community. The goal is for them to share their experience of what happened, to discuss who was harmed by the crime and how, and to create a consensus for what the offender can do to repair the harm from the offense. This may include a payment of money given from the offender to the victim, apologies and other amends, and other actions to compensate those affected and to prevent the offender from causing future harm.
retributive justice 报应性正义或报应性司法
报应性正义是指建立在刑罚观念基础上的正义理论。事实上，有些人把它称为一种侧重于惩罚罪犯而不是改造罪犯的司法制度。传统上，它被定义为一种正义理论，认为惩罚是对犯罪的最佳反应或道德上可接受的对犯罪的反应。该理论的重点在于施加一种既合理又与犯罪及其严重程度相称的惩罚。报应性正义更具有道德性，它寻求为受害者和社区提供精神和/或心理上的满足和利益。此外，报应性正义理论确保了这种惩罚根据罪行的严重性和性质平等地适用于每个人。
Retributive justice, response to criminal behaviour that focuses on the punishment of lawbreakers and the compensation of victims. In general, the severity of the punishment is proportionate to the seriousness of the crime.
以下为相关双语示例：
恢复性司法被认为是一种新型的犯罪处理模式。
Restorative justice is known as a new mode of crime treatment.
报应型正义要求以眼还眼，以牙还牙。
Retributive justice demands an eye for an eye.
恢复性司法理念的萌生，主要缘于对传统报应性司法中被害人处境的反思。
Reflecting on the scrape of the victims from the perspective of the retributive justice was the accelerating agent of the naissance of restorative justice.
