如何严格区分法律语境中普通词语的法律含义?

如何严格区分法律语境中普通词语的法律含义?

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面对一个出现在日常生活中司空见惯的词语,任何一个负责任的法律翻译人员首先要考虑的问题,就是严格区分法律语境和一般语境,避免翻译中的“假朋友”(false friends)现象。例如,“consummate/consummation”在一般语境中的意思是“perfect,complete/completion”,通常翻译成“完成”、“结束”、“完结”、“圆方”等。但在法律语境尤其是刑法中,其基本含义为“达到犯罪目的,完成犯罪行为”,如“consummated crime or offender”、“consummation of fornication”,严谨的法律翻译应为“既遂罪/既遂犯”和“奸淫既遂”,如果翻译成“完成犯罪/犯罪结束”或“强奸完毕”,与严谨的法律翻译大异其趣。在法律汉语英译中,虽然法律汉语本身有很强的张力,语义灵活多变,但在法律语言的表达上必须措辞严谨,才能有效传达法律意义。但我们的法律翻译通常按照字面意思进行,造成英语本族语读者理解困难。例如,我国通常将“醉驾”翻译成“drunk driving”,含义模糊甚至存在严重歧义。其实我们可在英语里找到完全相同法律规定的英文表达:美国“Penal Code”中的“醉驾”是“drive in intoxication”,加拿大“Penal Code”的用语是“drive in an alcoholic state”。我们的翻译完全可以借鉴英语国家的相同表达。在下面的例句里,美国译本不用“shall”比中国译本滥用“shall”更严谨,因为谁也没有权利去“命令”国家“shall”(应当)做什么。

国家鼓励社会团体、基层群众性自治组织开展食品安全法律、法规以及食品安全标准和知识的普及工作,倡导健康的饮食方式,增强消费者食品安全意识和自我保护能力。(《食品安全法》第8条)

译文1:The State encourages social and community groups to conduct educational activities regarding food safety laws and regulations,food safety standards and knowledge,to advocate healthy diets, and to raise consumers’ food safety awareness and self—protection ability.

译文2:The state shall encourage social groups and autonomous grassroots mass organizations to carry out the work in respect of the popularization of food safety laws,regulations,standards and knowledge, advocate healthy eating styles,and enhance consumers’ food safety awareness and self—protection capability.

法律汉语英译:债务应当清偿。暂时无力偿还的,经债权人同意或者人民法院裁决,可以由债务人分期偿还。有能力偿还拒不偿还的,由人民法院判决强制偿还。(《民法通则》第108条)

译文1:Debts shall be cleared.If a debtor is un— able to repay his debt immediately,he may repay by instalments with the consent of the creditor or a ruling by a people’s court.If a debtor is capable of repaying his debt but refuses to do SO,repayment shall be compelled by the decision of a people台court.(中国译本)

译文2:Debts shall be fully discharged.If a debt— or temporarily unable to repay a debt he may,with the consent of the creditor or as a result of a ruling by the People’s Court.repay the debts in installments.If he is capable of repaying the debt but refuses to do SO, the People’s Court shall issue a verdict to enforce the repayment.(澳大利亚译本)

译文3:Debts must be repaid.when[the debtor]is temprorarily unable to repay,he may repay by installments,with the creditor’s consent or a ruling of a people’s court.[A debtor]who is able to repay but obstinately refuses to do SO may be compelled to repay by a ruling of a people’s court.(美国译本)

这里有意识地摘选了三种不同的法律英语译本,对比分析三家译者对原文不同理解和句法132上不同安排所体现的句法翻译的严谨性。按照汉语教科书对汉语句子的界定,本法条的法律汉语原文一共三句。对第一句而言,译文1和译文2使用“shall”比译文3使用“must”更具权威性,译文3的“must”换成“shall”更加体现了“应当”在法律语句中的祈使命令作用。原文第二句的“可以”表明法律规定上的“或然性”,三种译文都能够在句法上体现出来。另外,“人民法院”是中国特有的表达形式,为专有名词,应该大写。第二、三句的汉语句法一样,都是“预设-处理”句,译文1和译文2能够还原为原文句法,但译文3用“when”引导的句子和陈述句分别翻译原文的两个“预设句”。“when”可以表示预设,但语气太弱,用陈述旬代替,不仅有失严谨,原文的意义也有所流失,不如直接用法律英语中常用的“或“where”。

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