一人一票制 one man-one vote rule/one-person, one-vote rule

〈美〉基于代议制政府平等代表原则产生的立法机关席位分配规则。该规则要求在选举立法机关时，议员席位应按人口比例分配，任何人都不能行使比其他人更大的投票权，或者说，每个投票人的一票都应当等值。由于人口不断变化，美国宪法规定每十年进行一次人口普查，如果有必要得根据新的普查结果重新分配议席。该规则是美国最高法院1963年确立的，以后成为审查立法机关名额重新分配的方案的合宪性的准则。法院严格控制联邦立法机关选举区之间人口代表比例的差异，原则上要求同等数量的人口选出同等数目的议员。由于难以实现绝对的等量，法院容许最大选区与理想的标准选区之间存在极小的差别。该规则适用于联邦众议院议席的分配，不适用于联邦参议院。参议院由每州选派两名代表，而不是根据各州人口分配。在州立法机关的选区划分上，法院对这一规则的适用相对宽松一点，容许选区与现存政治区划(比如县的划分)相一致。

One man, one vote, or one person, one vote, expresses the principle that individuals should have equal representation in voting. This slogan is used by advocates of political equality to refer to such electoral reforms as universal suffrage, proportional representation, and the elimination of plural voting, malapportionment, or gerrymandering. 具体例句如下，可供参考：

例句1

One person, one vote rule is a principle of constitutional law that the equal protection clause requires legislative voting districts to have about the same population. “One Person, One Vote” is used as slogan in many parts of the world where campaigns have arisen for universal suffrage.

一人一票制是宪法的一项原则，即平等保护条款要求立法投票区的人口大致相同。“一人一票”在世界上许多地方被用作口号，这些地方出现了争取普选的运动。

例句2

One person, one vote rule provides protection against more than one form of discrimination. In the cases in which the rule was first developed, district boundaries accorded significantly less weight to individual votes in the most populous districts. But it was also clear that those boundaries maximized the political strength of rural voters and diluted the political power of urban voters. The primary consequence of the rule has been its protection of the individual voter, but it has also provided one mechanism for identifying and curtailing discrimination against cognizable groups of voters.

一人一票制提供保护，防止多种形式的歧视。在最初制定该规则的情况下，在人口最多的地区，地区边界对个人选票的重视程度要低得多。但同样明显的是，这些界限最大化了农村选民的政治力量，稀释了城市选民的政治力量。该规则的主要后果是保护了个人选民，但它也提供了一种机制来识别和减少对可识别的选民群体的歧视。

例句3

The One-Person One-Vote Rule refers to the rule that one person’s voting power ought to be roughly equivalent to another person’s within the same state.

一人一票制是指在同一州内，一个人的投票权应大致相当于另一个人的投票权。

例句4

The One-Person One-Vote Rule comes up in the context of Equal Protection. The most relevant Supreme Court case is Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964). In that case, the Court held that states need to redistrict in order to have state legislative districts with roughly equal populations: “The Equal Protection Clause requires substantially equal legislative representation for all citizens in a State regardless of where they reside.”

一人一票制在平等保护的背景下出现。最相关的最高法院案例是雷诺诉西姆斯案，载于《美国最高法院判例汇编》第377卷，第533页（1964年）。在该案中，法院认为，各州需要重新划分选区，以便拥有人口大致相等的州立法区:“平等保护条款要求一个州的所有公民，无论居住在哪里，都享有基本平等的立法代表权。”