pressure group 压力团体

一种团体或组织，不断向政府施加影响和压力，要求重视其观点并制定符合其利益和观点的法律或采取相应的行政措施，如工会大会〔Trades Union Congress〕及所属工会、英国工业联合会〔Confederation of British Industry〕、英国医学会〔Birtish Medical Association〕、皇家防止虐待动物协会〔Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals〕等。

A pressure group is an organization that seeks to influence elected officials to take action or make a change on a specific issue. These groups include trade unions, ethnic associations, churches. Pressure groups date back all the way to Medieval Europe when merchants and craftsmen came together and created trade guilds based on their line of work to advocate and support members. At the time of the Industrial Revolution, the first trade unions appeared to advocate for the betterment of working conditions. Today, there are pressure groups from many different backgrounds with the aim to influence the outcomes of policies in their group’s favor. 具体例句如下，供参考：

例句1

Pressure groups get associated with terms such as lobbying groups and interest groups as many members prefer to not call them pressure groups given the negative connotation of the word. Since the number of political parties is limited in the United States, pressure groups have increased in number and power. Some pressure groups are very large organizations and represent thousands of people across the country, while others focus on more niche causes. Thus, these organizations fall across the political spectrum.

压力团体与游说团体和利益团体等术语联系在一起，因为考虑到这个词的负面含义，许多成员不愿意称之为压力团体。由于美国的政党数量有限，压力团体的数量和力量都有所增加。一些压力团体是非常大的组织，代表着全国成千上万的人，而其他人则专注于更小众的事业。因此，这些组织跨越政治光谱。

例句2

Pressure groups act as a liaison between stakeholders and elected officials, making them an essential part of the public affairs field. Pressure groups can effectively advocate for a specific issue on behalf of stakeholders, ultimately creating a change that the stakeholder wants to see. Pressure groups’ experience working with officials helps them make more progress within a policy.

压力团体充当利益相关者和当选官员之间的联络人，使他们成为公共事务领域的重要组成部分。压力团体可以代表利益相关者有效地倡导特定的问题，最终创造利益相关者希望看到的变化。压力团体与官员合作的经验有助于他们在政策上取得更多进展。

例句3

Pressure groups are a vital link between the government and the governed. They keep governments more responsive to the wishes of the community, especially in between elections. Pressure groups are able to express the views of minority groups in the community who might not otherwise receive a hearing.

压力团体是政府和被统治者之间的重要纽带。它们使政府更能顺应民众的愿望，尤其是在两次选举之间。压力团体能够表达民众中少数群体的观点，否则他们可能得不到倾听。

例句4

The pressure group is defined as a special interest group which seeks to influence Government policy in a particular direction; action groups are loosely organized pressure groups. Such groups do not seek Government control or responsibility for policy, and their political function is not officially recognized. Pressure groups may be criticized for pressing interests not in keeping with general welfare, for using unacceptable pressure techniques, for lacking internal and external controls, and for being a corruptive influence on Government. Techniques used by the groups include influencing public opinion, cultivating direct contacts with policymakers, infiltrating of policymaking bodies, pressing public officials for relevant information, threatening the Government with direct action, and demonstrating with techniques of passive resistance or violent acts.

压力团体被定义为一个特殊的利益团体，它试图在某一特定方向上影响政府政策；行动小组是组织松散的压力团体。这些团体不寻求政府控制或政策责任，它们的政治功能没有得到官方承认。压力团体可能会被批评为追求不符合一般福利的利益，使用不可接受的压力技术，缺乏内部和外部控制，以及对政府的腐败影响。这些团体使用的手段包括影响公众舆论，培养与决策者的直接联系，渗透到决策机构中，迫使政府官员提供相关信息，以直接行动威胁政府，以及以消极抵抗或暴力行为的手段进行示威。