斯宾汉姆兰体系/斯皮纳姆兰制 Speenhamland system

斯宾汉姆兰体系（英语：Speenhamland system）是18世纪末19世纪初英格兰和威尔士试图缓解农村贫困问题的一种户外纾困形式，它是伊丽莎白济贫法的修正版，制定的间接原因是英国卷入了法国大革命和拿破仑战争。

The Speenhamland system was a form of outdoor relief intended to mitigate rural poverty in England and Wales at the end of the 18th century and during the early 19th century. The law was an amendment to the Elizabethan Poor Law. It was created as an indirect result of Britain's involvements in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815). The system was named after a 1795 meeting in Speenhamland, Berkshire, where local magistrates devised the system as a means to alleviate the distress caused by high grain prices. The increase in the price of grain may have occurred as a result of a poor harvest in the years 1795–96, though at the time this was subject to great debate. Many blamed middlemen and hoarders as the ultimate architects of the shortage. 具体例句如下，供参考，以加深对该术语的理解：

例句1

18世纪的英国社会面临着一系列危机，司法权与立法权为克服这些危机发挥了极大作用。较为典型的是出自法官法令的“斯皮纳姆兰制”，客观上缓和了英国的贫困危机。

In the 18th century, judicial power and legislative power played a great role in overcoming a series of crises that Britain was faced with at that time. A more typical example is the “speenhamland system” coming out of the judge’s decree, which objectively eased the poverty crisis in Britain.

例句2

The Speenhamland system appears to have reached its height during the Napoleonic Wars, when it was a means of allaying dangerous discontent among growing numbers of rural poor faced by soaring food prices, and to have died out in the post-war period, except in a few parishes. The system was popular in the south of England. William Pitt the Younger attempted to get the idea passed into legislation but failed. The system was not adopted nationally but was popular in the counties which experienced the Swing Riots during the 1830s.

斯皮纳姆兰制似乎在拿破仑战争期间达到了顶峰，当时它是缓解越来越多面临食品价格飙升的农村贫困人口危险不满的一种手段，在战后时期，除了少数教区外，该制度已经消亡。该制度在英格兰南部很流行。小威廉·皮特试图将这一想法通过立法，但失败了。这种制度没有在全国范围内被采用，但在19世纪30年代经历过摇摆骚乱的县中很受欢迎。

例句3

In 1834, the Report of the Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832 called the Speenhamland System a “universal system of pauperism”. The system allowed employers, including farmers and the nascent industrialists of the town, to pay below subsistence wages, because the parish would make up the difference and keep their workers alive. So the workers’ low income was unchanged and the poor rate contributors subsidised the farmers.

1834年，皇家委员会关于1832年贫困法实施情况的报告称斯宾汉姆兰体系为“普遍的贫困体系”。该体系制度允许雇主，包括农民和该镇新生的工业家，支付低于维持生计的工资，因为教区将弥补差额，并让他们的工人活着。因此，工人的低收入保持不变，低税率贡献者补贴农民。

相关知识拓展：

圈地运动以后英国偷盗者、流氓人、乞讨者增多，社会不安因素急剧增加。1601年英王室通过了一个新法案：《伊丽莎白济贫法》。作为英国第一个重要的济贫法，它不仅是这一法律制度的发端，而且为这一法律制度的发展确定了基本原则，因此也被称为世界上最早的社会保障法。

1834年议会通过《济贫法（修正案）》（The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834），这是1601年以后最重要的济贫法，史称新济贫法。该法取消了“斯皮纳姆兰制”的家内救济，改为受救济者必须是被收容在习艺所中从事苦役的贫民。但是，所内的生活条件极为恶劣，劳动极其繁重，贫民望而却步，被称之为劳动者的“巴士底狱”。有人这样描述济贫院的基本情况：在砖铺的地面上到处是贫困的妇女以及满脸脏物到处乱爬的孩子，老年妇女躺在床上气喘吁吁无法动弹，或围坐在火炉旁大声咳着，老年男子弓着背忙着活计，苟延残喘。政府就是用这种方法来减少受救济的人口和济贫的支出。

可以说，这部新的法律不仅没有改善工人的生存状况，反而使他们陷入更加绝望的境地。

在管理上，中央设置三人委员会，在地方各教区联合区组成济贫委员会,管理济贫事宜。1847年,中央的三人委员会改为济贫法部。1871年，济贫事务改由地方政府部管理，但习艺所的惩治原则一直未变。

20世纪以来，济贫法的重要性逐渐降低。待到1946年的《国民保险法》和1948年的《国民救助法》通过后，卫生部主管的社会保险已完全代替济贫，济贫法失去作用。